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There is some debate over the earliest industrial enterprises in Nigeria. Apart from possible machines in European settlements and local technology, the CMS mission in Abeokuta had a printing press, such that by 1860 printing was a common vocation. They may have established a cotton gin also and some machines for producing oil from palm. The debate is over which is earlier between the Abeokuta case and printing in Calabar. See Ajayi, Christian Missions; ___and Smith, Yoruba Wars. Jeremy Rich writes:
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